[A] activity [B] aggressive [C] calmer [D] characters [E] collected
[F] correlations [G] genetically [H] influences [I] long [J] produce
[K] relatively [L] reveals [M] size [N] strong [O] tend
Small dogs generally live longer than big dogs. But body size isn’t the only factor that determines how long dogs survive. Personality【C1】_____he lifespan, too, according to a new study that might help explain how animal dispositions evolve. Research on animals from ants to apes has found that different individuals have different personalities. Some are timid, others【C2】_____.
Biologists have proposed that【C3】_____evolved along with life history. Bold, aggressive animals use a lot of energy fast in【C4】__short lives, the thinking goes, whereas【C5】__animals last longer, saving themselves to reproduce later in life. Biologist Vincent Careau used the dogs to do the experiment. Careau【C6】__data from previous studies on various breeds’ energy expenditure and longevity. After factoring out body size, Careau tested for 【C7】__with activity, obedience, and aggressiveness. More obedient dogs like German shepherds and bichon frises (比熊犬) live long for their size, he【C8】_____in the June issue of The American
Naturalist. Hard-to-train dogs like beagles (畢格爾犬) and Pomeranians generally die earlier than do other similarly sized breeds. Careau found a similar relationship for energy expenditure. Peaceful dogs like Newfoundlands and Labradors【C9】________to burn less energy per kilogram than do aggressive dogs like fox terriers and Great Danes.
Presumably, the people who created these breeds were selecting dogs based on personality, not on how much they ate or how【C10】________they lived, says Careau. So he thinks that personality and metabolic demands are somehow genetically linked.
【C5】
C
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