No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and
amateurs in science: exceptions can not be found to any rule. 【M1】_________
Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry connotation that the 【M2】_________
person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community
and, in particular, may not fully share their values. The growth of 【M3】_________
specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement
of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for
professional participation in science. The trend was naturally most 【M4】_________
obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or
laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development
of geology in the UK.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century
and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis of the primacy of 【M5】_________
research, but also a changing definition of that constitutes an acceptable 【M6】_________
research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies
represented worthwhile research in their own right; and, in the 【M7】_________
twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to
professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect to the wider geological 【M8】_________
picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local
studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to
professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has
been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by
national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local
geological journals in the twentieth century. As is a logical consequence 【M9】_________
of this development, separate journals have now appeared aiming mainly 【M10】________
at either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of
differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together
nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs
have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together
nationally in a different way.
【M8】
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