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人體中的所有結(jié)構(gòu)共同發(fā)揮作用以維持體內(nèi)平衡，
這是人體根據(jù)外部環(huán)境維持內(nèi)部環(huán)境的一個過程。
人體如何維持平衡的例子包括
肝臟對藥物和毒素的代謝、
腎臟對血液中水分和溶質(zhì)的調(diào)節(jié)、
胰腺對血糖的調(diào)節(jié)。
另一個平衡過程是熱調(diào)節(jié)，
即維持正常體溫
如果人體的皮膚或核心溫度下降，
皮膚或內(nèi)臟器官中的體溫感受器就會向下丘腦發(fā)出沖動，
而下丘腦則充當(dāng)人體的恒溫器
下丘腦通過交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)做出反應(yīng)，
收縮皮膚血管
血管收縮使血液從皮膚和四肢流向更溫暖的身體內(nèi)部，
以防止熱量進一步散失到周圍環(huán)境中，
并防止身體的核心溫度進一步下降
髂前肌收縮，
導(dǎo)致毛囊勃起，試圖將溫暖的空氣阻擋在皮膚旁
體溫持續(xù)下降會促使下丘腦發(fā)出沖動，
引起骨骼肌的顫抖反射，
產(chǎn)生額外的熱量以提高體溫。
如果身體的皮膚或核心溫度升高，
皮膚或內(nèi)臟器官中的體溫感受器會促使下丘腦停止對皮膚血管的交感刺激
血管擴張，讓溫暖的血液通過皮膚散發(fā)熱量
髂前肌放松，毛囊平貼皮膚
汗腺分泌汗液，使熱量通過蒸發(fā)散失
體溫的刺激或降低會使大腦充當(dāng)恒溫器，
將熱量散發(fā)到全身各處
一旦達到正常溫度，恒溫器就會關(guān)閉
這些身體對抗刺激的反應(yīng)
被稱為負反饋回路
它使身體保持平衡

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All structures in the body function together to maintain homeostasis
人體中的所有結(jié)構(gòu)共同發(fā)揮作用以維持體內(nèi)平衡,
a process by which the body maintains its internal environment in response to the external environment
這是人體根據(jù)外部環(huán)境維持內(nèi)部環(huán)境的一個過程·
Examples of how the body maintains homeostasis include
人體如何維持平衡的例子包括
metabolism of drugs and toxins in the liver
肝臟對藥物和毒素的代謝、
regulation of water and solutes in the blood by the kidneys
腎臟對血液中水分和溶質(zhì)的調(diào)節(jié)、
regulation of blood glucose by the pancreas
胰腺對血糖的調(diào)節(jié)·
Another homeostatic process thermal regulation
另一個平衡過程是熱調(diào)節(jié),
is the maintenance of normal body temperature
即維持正常體溫
If the body's skin or core temperature drops
如果人體的皮膚或核心溫度下降,
thermoreceptors in the skin or internal organs send impulses to the hypothalamus
皮膚或內(nèi)臟器官中的體溫感受器就會向下丘腦發(fā)出沖動,
which acts as the body's thermostat
而下丘腦則充當(dāng)人體的恒溫器
The hypothalamus responds through the sympathetic nervous system
下丘腦通過交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)做出反應(yīng),
by constricting blood vessels in the skin
收縮皮膚血管
Vasoconstriction diverts blood away from the skin and extremities
血管收縮使血液從皮膚和四肢流向更溫暖的身體內(nèi)部,
to the warmer interior of the body to prevent further loss of heat to the surroundings
以防止熱量進一步散失到周圍環(huán)境中,
and prevent the body's core temperature from dropping further
并防止身體的核心溫度進一步下降
Arrector pili muscles contract
髂前肌收縮,
causing piloerections in which hair follicles stand up in an attempt to trap warm air next to the skin
導(dǎo)致毛囊勃起,試圖將溫暖的空氣阻擋在皮膚旁
A continued drop in temperature prompts the hypothalamus
體溫持續(xù)下降會促使下丘腦發(fā)出沖動,
to send impulses that elicit a shivering reflex in skeletal muscles
引起骨骼肌的顫抖反射,
generating additional heat to increase body temperature
產(chǎn)生額外的熱量以提高體溫·
If the body's skin or core temperature increases
如果身體的皮膚或核心溫度升高,
thermoreceptors in the skin or internal organs prompt the hypothalamus to halt sympathetic stimulation of blood vessels in the skin
皮膚或內(nèi)臟器官中的體溫感受器會促使下丘腦停止對皮膚血管的交感刺激
The vessels dilate and allow warm blood to distribute heat through the skin
血管擴張,讓溫暖的血液通過皮膚散發(fā)熱量
Arrector pili muscles relax and hair follicles lie flat against the skin
髂前肌放松,毛囊平貼皮膚
Sweat glands produce sweat allowing heat loss through evaporation
汗腺分泌汗液,使熱量通過蒸發(fā)散失
The stimulus or decrease in body temperature causes the brain to act as a thermostat
體溫的刺激或降低會使大腦充當(dāng)恒溫器,
and dissipate heat throughout the body
將熱量散發(fā)到全身各處
Once normal temperature is reached the thermostat shuts off
一旦達到正常溫度,恒溫器就會關(guān)閉
These examples of the body's response to counteract stimuli
這些身體對抗刺激的反應(yīng)
are called negative feedback loops
被稱為負反饋回路
which allows the body to maintain homeostasis
它使身體保持平衡