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細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)

細(xì)胞是有機(jī)體最小的生命單位。
所有細(xì)胞都具有三個(gè)共同點(diǎn),無論它們是什么類型。
所有細(xì)胞都有細(xì)胞膜,將細(xì)胞內(nèi)部與其環(huán)境分開,
細(xì)胞質(zhì),是一種膠狀液體,
DNA是細(xì)胞的遺傳物質(zhì)。
細(xì)胞有兩大類。
第一類是真核細(xì)胞。
它們具有細(xì)胞器,包括細(xì)胞核和其他特殊部分。
真核細(xì)胞是更先進(jìn)、更復(fù)雜的細(xì)胞,例如在植物和動(dòng)物中發(fā)現(xiàn)的細(xì)胞。
第二類是原核細(xì)胞。
它們沒有細(xì)胞核或膜封閉的細(xì)胞器。
它們確實(shí)有遺傳物質(zhì),但不包含在細(xì)胞核內(nèi)。
原核細(xì)胞始終是單細(xì)胞或單細(xì)胞生物,例如細(xì)菌。
那么什么是細(xì)胞器呢?
細(xì)胞器的意思是“小器官”。
細(xì)胞器是細(xì)胞的特殊部分,具有獨(dú)特的功能。
讓我們從細(xì)胞核開始,它是細(xì)胞的控制中心。
細(xì)胞核含有DNA或遺傳物質(zhì)。
DNA 決定了細(xì)胞要做什么以及如何做。
染色質(zhì)是核膜內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)的纏結(jié)、展開形式的 DNA。
當(dāng)細(xì)胞準(zhǔn)備好分裂時(shí),DNA 就會(huì)凝結(jié)成稱為染色體的結(jié)構(gòu)。
細(xì)胞核還含有核仁,
這是制造核糖體的結(jié)構(gòu)。
核糖體離開細(xì)胞核后
他們將承擔(dān)“合成”或制造蛋白質(zhì)的重要??工作。
在細(xì)胞核外,核糖體和其余細(xì)胞器漂浮在細(xì)胞質(zhì)中,細(xì)胞質(zhì)是果凍狀物質(zhì)。
核糖體可以在細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi)自由游動(dòng)
或附著于內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng),有時(shí)縮寫為 ER。
ER 有兩種類型:
粗糙的內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)附著有核糖體
光滑的內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)沒有附著核糖體。
內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)
是一種用于運(yùn)輸物料的膜封閉通道
例如核糖體合成的蛋白質(zhì)。
蛋白質(zhì)和其他物質(zhì)從小囊泡中的內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)中出現(xiàn)
高爾基體(有時(shí)稱為高爾基體)接收它們。
當(dāng)?shù)鞍踪|(zhì)穿過高爾基體時(shí),它們被定制成細(xì)胞可以使用的形式。
高爾基體通過將蛋白質(zhì)折疊成可用的形狀來實(shí)現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)。
或添加其他材料,例如脂質(zhì)
或碳水化合物
液泡是儲(chǔ)存不同物質(zhì)的囊狀結(jié)構(gòu)。
在這個(gè)植物細(xì)胞中,中央液泡儲(chǔ)存水。
回到動(dòng)物細(xì)胞,
你會(huì)看到一種叫做溶酶體的細(xì)胞器。
溶酶體是垃圾收集器,負(fù)責(zé)吸收受損或磨損的細(xì)胞部分。
它們充滿了分解這些細(xì)胞碎片的酶。
線粒體是一種細(xì)胞器,是動(dòng)物和植物細(xì)胞的動(dòng)力源。
在稱為細(xì)胞呼吸的過程中
線粒體產(chǎn)生 ATP 分子
為所有細(xì)胞活動(dòng)提供能量。
需要更多能量的細(xì)胞有更多的線粒體。
同時(shí),細(xì)胞通過細(xì)胞骨架保持其形狀。
細(xì)胞骨架包括由蛋白質(zhì)組成的線狀微絲
和細(xì)空心管的微管
一些生物體,例如光合自養(yǎng)的植物
這意味著它們捕捉陽(yáng)光來獲取能量
細(xì)胞具有稱為葉綠體的細(xì)胞器。
葉綠體是光合作用發(fā)生的地方
它是綠色的,因?yàn)樗幸环N稱為葉綠素的綠色色素。
植物細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞膜外還有細(xì)胞壁,可以塑造、支撐和保護(hù)植物細(xì)胞。
動(dòng)物細(xì)胞從來沒有細(xì)胞壁
還有許多其他獨(dú)特的結(jié)構(gòu),只有某些細(xì)胞才具有。
這里僅列出一些。
例如,在人類中,呼吸道內(nèi)襯有具有纖毛的細(xì)胞。
這些是微小的毛發(fā)狀突起,可以波浪狀移動(dòng)。
此功能有助于捕獲空氣中吸入的顆粒,并在咳嗽時(shí)將其排出。
某些細(xì)胞的另一個(gè)獨(dú)特特征是鞭毛。
有些細(xì)菌有鞭毛。
鞭毛就像一條小尾巴,可以幫助細(xì)胞移動(dòng)或推動(dòng)自身。
唯一具有鞭毛的人類細(xì)胞是精子細(xì)胞。
總之記住:
真核細(xì)胞是具有細(xì)胞核和膜封閉細(xì)胞器的植物和動(dòng)物細(xì)胞
而原核細(xì)胞是單細(xì)胞生物,沒有這些東西。
所有細(xì)胞都有細(xì)胞膜、細(xì)胞質(zhì)和遺傳物質(zhì)。
盡管只有植物細(xì)胞有葉綠體,但植物和動(dòng)物細(xì)胞都有線粒體。

內(nèi)容操作
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教程課件
單詞卡片
Cells are the smallest living units of an organism
細(xì)胞是有機(jī)體最小的生命單位·
All cells have three things in common no matter what type of cell they are
所有細(xì)胞都具有三個(gè)共同點(diǎn),無論它們是什么類型·
All cells have a cell membrane which separates the inside the cell from its environment
所有細(xì)胞都有細(xì)胞膜,將細(xì)胞內(nèi)部與其環(huán)境分開,
cytoplasm which is a jelly like fluid
細(xì)胞質(zhì),是一種膠狀液體,
and DNA which is the cell's genetic material
DNA是細(xì)胞的遺傳物質(zhì)·
There are two broad categories of cells
細(xì)胞有兩大類·
The first category is eukaryotic cells
第一類是真核細(xì)胞·
They have organelles which include the nucleus and other special parts
它們具有細(xì)胞器,包括細(xì)胞核和其他特殊部分·
Eukaryotic cells are more advanced complex cells such as those found in plants and animals
真核細(xì)胞是更先進(jìn)、更復(fù)雜的細(xì)胞,例如在植物和動(dòng)物中發(fā)現(xiàn)的細(xì)胞·
The second category is prokaryotic cells
第二類是原核細(xì)胞·
They don't have a nucleus or membrane enclosed organelles
它們沒有細(xì)胞核或膜封閉的細(xì)胞器·
They do have genetic material but it's not contained within a nucleus
它們確實(shí)有遺傳物質(zhì),但不包含在細(xì)胞核內(nèi)·
Prokaryotic cells are always one celled or unicellular organisms such as bacteria
原核細(xì)胞始終是單細(xì)胞或單細(xì)胞生物,例如細(xì)菌·
So what are organelles
那么什么是細(xì)胞器呢?
Organelle means "little organ "
細(xì)胞器的意思是"小器官"·
Organelles are the specialized parts of a cell that have unique jobs to perform
細(xì)胞器是細(xì)胞的特殊部分,具有獨(dú)特的功能·
Let's start with the nucleus the control center of the cell
讓我們從細(xì)胞核開始,它是細(xì)胞的控制中心·
The nucleus contains DNA or genetic material
細(xì)胞核含有DNA或遺傳物質(zhì)·
DNA dictates what the cell is going to do and how it's going to do it
DNA 決定了細(xì)胞要做什么以及如何做·
Chromatin the tangled spread out form of DNA found inside the nuclear membrane
染色質(zhì)是核膜內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)的纏結(jié)、展開形式的 DNA·
When a cell is ready to divide DNA condenses into structures known as chromosomes
當(dāng)細(xì)胞準(zhǔn)備好分裂時(shí),DNA 就會(huì)凝結(jié)成稱為染色體的結(jié)構(gòu)·
The nucleus also contains a nucleolus
細(xì)胞核還含有核仁,
which is a structure where ribosomes are made
這是制造核糖體的結(jié)構(gòu)·
After ribosomes leave the nucleus
核糖體離開細(xì)胞核后
they will have the important job of "synthesizing" or making proteins
他們將承擔(dān)"合成"或制造蛋白質(zhì)的重要??工作·
Outside the nucleus the ribosomes and the rest of the organelles float around in cytoplasm which is the jelly like substance
在細(xì)胞核外,核糖體和其余細(xì)胞器漂浮在細(xì)胞質(zhì)中,細(xì)胞質(zhì)是果凍狀物質(zhì)·
Ribosomes may wander freely within the cytoplasm
核糖體可以在細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi)自由游動(dòng)
or attach to the endoplasmic reticulum sometimes abbreviated as ER
或附著于內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng),有時(shí)縮寫為 ER·
There are two types of ER
ER 有兩種類型:
rough ER has ribosomes attached to it
粗糙的內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)附著有核糖體
and smooth ER doesn't have ribosomes attached to it
光滑的內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)沒有附著核糖體·
The endoplasmic reticulum
內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)
is a membrane enclosed passageway for transporting materials
是一種用于運(yùn)輸物料的膜封閉通道
such as the proteins synthesized by ribosomes
例如核糖體合成的蛋白質(zhì)·
Proteins and other materials emerge from the endoplasmic reticulum in small vesicles
蛋白質(zhì)和其他物質(zhì)從小囊泡中的內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)中出現(xiàn)
where the Golgi apparatus sometimes called the Golgi body receives them
高爾基體(有時(shí)稱為高爾基體)接收它們·
As proteins move through the Golgi body they're customized into forms that the cell can use
當(dāng)?shù)鞍踪|(zhì)穿過高爾基體時(shí),它們被定制成細(xì)胞可以使用的形式·
The Golgi body does this by folding the proteins into usable shapes
高爾基體通過將蛋白質(zhì)折疊成可用的形狀來實(shí)現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)·
or adding other materials on to them such as lipids
或添加其他材料,例如脂質(zhì)
or carbohydrates
或碳水化合物
Vacuoles are sac like structures that store different materials
液泡是儲(chǔ)存不同物質(zhì)的囊狀結(jié)構(gòu)·
Here in this plant cell the central vacuole stores water
在這個(gè)植物細(xì)胞中,中央液泡儲(chǔ)存水·
Going back to the animal cell
回到動(dòng)物細(xì)胞,
you'll see an organelle called a lysosome
你會(huì)看到一種叫做溶酶體的細(xì)胞器·
Lysosomes are the garbage collectors that take in damaged or worn out cell parts
溶酶體是垃圾收集器,負(fù)責(zé)吸收受損或磨損的細(xì)胞部分·
They are filled with enzymes that break down this cellular debris
它們充滿了分解這些細(xì)胞碎片的酶·
The mitochondrion in is an organelle that is the powerhouse for both animal and plant cells
線粒體是一種細(xì)胞器,是動(dòng)物和植物細(xì)胞的動(dòng)力源·
During a process called cellular respiration
在稱為細(xì)胞呼吸的過程中
the mitochondria make ATP molecules
線粒體產(chǎn)生 ATP 分子
that provide the energy for all the cells activities
為所有細(xì)胞活動(dòng)提供能量·
Cells that need more energy have more mitochondria
需要更多能量的細(xì)胞有更多的線粒體·
Meanwhile the cell maintains its shape through a cytoskeleton
同時(shí),細(xì)胞通過細(xì)胞骨架保持其形狀·
The cytoskeleton includes the thread like microfilaments which are made of protein
細(xì)胞骨架包括由蛋白質(zhì)組成的線狀微絲
and microtubules which are thin hollow tubes
和細(xì)空心管的微管
Some organisms such as plans that are photoautotrophic
一些生物體,例如光合自養(yǎng)的植物
meaning they capture sunlight for energy
這意味著它們捕捉陽(yáng)光來獲取能量
have cells with an organelle called a chloroplast
細(xì)胞具有稱為葉綠體的細(xì)胞器·
The chloroplast is where photosynthesis happens
葉綠體是光合作用發(fā)生的地方
It's green because it has a green pigment called chlorophyll
它是綠色的,因?yàn)樗幸环N稱為葉綠素的綠色色素·
Plant cells also have a cell wall outside of their cell membranes that shape support and protect the plant cell
植物細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞膜外還有細(xì)胞壁,可以塑造、支撐和保護(hù)植物細(xì)胞·
Animal cells never have a cell wall
動(dòng)物細(xì)胞從來沒有細(xì)胞壁
There are many other unique structures that only some cells have
還有許多其他獨(dú)特的結(jié)構(gòu),只有某些細(xì)胞才具有·
Here are just a few
這里僅列出一些·
In humans for example the respiratory tract is lined with cells that have cilia
例如,在人類中,呼吸道內(nèi)襯有具有纖毛的細(xì)胞·
These are microscopic hair like projections that can move in waves
這些是微小的毛發(fā)狀突起,可以波浪狀移動(dòng)·
This feature helps trap inhaled particles in the air and expels them when you cough
此功能有助于捕獲空氣中吸入的顆粒,并在咳嗽時(shí)將其排出·
Another unique feature in some cells is flagella
某些細(xì)胞的另一個(gè)獨(dú)特特征是鞭毛·
Some bacteria have flagella
有些細(xì)菌有鞭毛·
A flagellum is like a little tail that can help a cell move or propel itself
鞭毛就像一條小尾巴,可以幫助細(xì)胞移動(dòng)或推動(dòng)自身·
The only human cell that has a flagellum is a sperm cell
唯一具有鞭毛的人類細(xì)胞是精子細(xì)胞·
In summary remember
總之記住:
eukaryotic cells are plant and animal cells with a nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles
真核細(xì)胞是具有細(xì)胞核和膜封閉細(xì)胞器的植物和動(dòng)物細(xì)胞
While prokaryotic cells are unicellular organisms without these things
而原核細(xì)胞是單細(xì)胞生物,沒有這些東西·
All cells have a cell membrane cytoplasm and genetic material
所有細(xì)胞都有細(xì)胞膜、細(xì)胞質(zhì)和遺傳物質(zhì)·
And even though only plant cells have chloroplasts both plant and animal cells have mitochondria
盡管只有植物細(xì)胞有葉綠體,但植物和動(dòng)物細(xì)胞都有線粒體·