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化學鍵介紹
視頻：
化學鍵
離子鍵與共價鍵
視頻：
離子鍵與共價鍵
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This
video
is
an
overview
of
chemical
bonds
本視頻是關于化學鍵的概述·
How
do
the
atoms
of
elements
form
chemical
bonds
元素的原子如何形成化學鍵呢?
Recall
that
electrons
in
an
atom
surround
the
nucleus
回想一下,原子中的電子圍繞著原子核·
They
fill
energy
levels
or
shells
in
specific
numbers
它們以特定的數量填充能級或殼層·
Electrons
in
an
atom's
inner
shells
are
commonly
referred
to
as
core
electrons
原子內層電子通常被稱為核心電子·
Core
electrons
don't
participate
in
chemical
bonds
核心電子不參與化學鍵的形成·
In
contrast
electrons
in
the
outermost
shell
of
an
atom
are
called
valence
electrons
相比之下,原子最外層的電子被稱為價電子·
Valence
electrons
do
participate
in
forming
chemical
bonds
價電子參與形成化學鍵·
For
example
a
carbon
atom
with
six
protons
and
six
neutrons
in
the
nucleus
has
six
electrons
例如,一個碳原子在原子核中有六個質子和六個中子,且有六個電子·
Notice
that
carbon
has
both
core
and
valence
electrons
注意,碳原子既有核心電子,也有價電子·
The
innermost
shell
of
any
atom
can
hold
a
maximum
of
two
electrons
and
the
next
shell
can
hold
up
to
eight
electrons
任何原子的最內層殼層最多可以容納兩個電子,而下一個殼層最多可以容納八個電子·
So
two
of
the
electrons
in
carbon
fill
the
first
shell
所以,碳原子中有兩個電子填滿了第一層殼,
and
the
remaining
four
electrons
are
in
the
next
shell
剩下的四個電子位于下一個殼層·
The
two
electrons
in
the
first
shell
are
carbon's
core
electrons
第一層殼中的兩個電子是碳的核心電子·
The
four
electrons
in
the
outer
shell
are
carbon's
valence
electrons
最外層的四個電子是碳的價電子·
Atoms
with
fewer
valence
electrons
than
its
outer
shell
can
hold
aren't
as
stable
as
atoms
with
full
outer
shells
原子的價電子數少于外層殼層可容納的電子數時,它們的穩定性較差,而外層殼層充滿電子的原子則更穩定·
However
these
atoms
can
become
more
stable
if
their
outer
shell
is
filled
然而,如果這些原子的外層殼充滿電子,它們可以變得更加穩定·
This
can
happen
either
by
losing
electrons
to
another
atom
or
attracting
electrons
from
another
atom
這種情況可以通過將電子失去給另一個原子,或從另一個原子吸引電子來實現·
This
interaction
of
valence
electrons
between
atoms
results
in
the
formation
of
chemical
bonds
原子之間的價電子相互作用導致了化學鍵的形成·
Elements
that
have
completely
filled
outer
shells
such
as
helium
are
mostly
non
reactive
那些外層殼完全填滿的元素,如氦,通常是非反應性的,
which
means
they
don't
usually
form
chemical
bonds
也就是說它們通常不會形成化學鍵·
Why
is
that
為什么會這樣呢?
Well
it's
because
their
outer
shells
can't
accept
anymore
electrons
這是因為它們的外層殼不能再容納更多的電子,
and
losing
all
of
their
valence
electrons
requires
too
much
energy
而失去所有價電子需要消耗太多的能量·
There
are
two
main
types
of
chemical
bonds
化學鍵有兩種主要類型,
they
are
ionic
bonds
一種是離子鍵,
when
electrons
are
transferred
from
one
atom
to
another
當電子從一個原子轉移到另一個原子時形成;
and
covalent
bonds
when
atoms
share
electrons
另一種是共價鍵,當原子共享電子時形成·
We'll
discuss
this
in
more
detail
separately
我們將在后續內容中更詳細地討論這兩種化學鍵·