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有絲分裂是一種細(xì)胞分裂方式,
具有許多重要功能,包括胚胎發(fā)育、促進(jìn)出生后的組織生長以及替換體內(nèi)受損或死亡的細(xì)胞。
在有絲分裂中,細(xì)胞分裂一次,產(chǎn)生的兩個子細(xì)胞含有與親代細(xì)胞相同數(shù)量的染色體。
這些細(xì)胞被稱為二倍體細(xì)胞,因?yàn)樗鼈兒?3對染色體,
每對染色體包含一條來自母親和一條來自父親的染色體。
DNA復(fù)制后,有絲分裂從前期開始,在此期間染色質(zhì)凝縮成染色體,
每條染色體由兩條相同的姐妹染色單體組成。
核膜溶解,紡錘絲從細(xì)胞的中心體開始生長。
在中期,紡錘絲將染色體拉至細(xì)胞中央排列。
在后期,每條由兩條基因相同的染色單體組成的染色體分裂成兩條。
每條染色單體(現(xiàn)在被視為單鏈的子染色體)遷移到細(xì)胞中與它的雙胞胎相反的一端。
在末期,隨著細(xì)胞完成分裂,核膜重新形成并包圍染色體。
減數(shù)分裂是一種細(xì)胞分裂方式,其唯一目的是產(chǎn)生稱為配子的卵子和精子。
在減數(shù)分裂中,連續(xù)進(jìn)行兩次分裂,最終產(chǎn)生四個子細(xì)胞。
每個子細(xì)胞含有初始親代細(xì)胞一半數(shù)量的染色體。
這些子細(xì)胞被稱為單倍體細(xì)胞,因?yàn)樗鼈兒?3條未配對的染色體。
DNA復(fù)制后,第一次細(xì)胞分裂(即減數(shù)分裂I)從前期I開始,在此期間染色體凝縮。
在前期I的晚期,每對染色單體斷裂并交換相應(yīng)的DNA片段,這一過程稱為交叉互換,
從而產(chǎn)生新的基因組合。
在中期I,同源染色體對排列在細(xì)胞中央。
每對染色體可以隨機(jī)從左到右排列,這一過程稱為獨(dú)立分配。
在后期I,每對染色體分離,
在末期I,細(xì)胞分裂,形成兩個單倍體子細(xì)胞。
第二次減數(shù)分裂(即減數(shù)分裂II)從前期II開始,在此期間細(xì)胞準(zhǔn)備再次分裂。
在中期II,染色體排列在細(xì)胞中央。
在后期II,每條染色體被拉開成兩條姐妹染色單體,
每條染色單體現(xiàn)在被視為單鏈染色體。
在末期II,兩個細(xì)胞分裂,最終形成四個單倍體子細(xì)胞。
減數(shù)分裂完成后,
雄性和雌性配子各自含有一套獨(dú)特的23條單鏈染色體,
最終導(dǎo)致人類的遺傳多樣性。
當(dāng)這些配子結(jié)合時,它們會形成一個單一的受精細(xì)胞,稱為受精卵。
受精卵含有46條染色體,并通過有絲分裂繼續(xù)發(fā)育。

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Mitosis is a type of cell division with many vital functions
有絲分裂是一種細(xì)胞分裂方式,
including embryonic development promoting tissue growth after birth and replacing damaged or dying cells in the body
具有許多重要功能,包括胚胎發(fā)育、促進(jìn)出生后的組織生長以及替換體內(nèi)受損或死亡的細(xì)胞·
In mitosis there is one division and the resulting two daughter cells contain the same number of chromosomes as the parental cell
在有絲分裂中,細(xì)胞分裂一次,產(chǎn)生的兩個子細(xì)胞含有與親代細(xì)胞相同數(shù)量的染色體·
These cells are called diploid cells because they contain 23 pairs of chromosomes
這些細(xì)胞被稱為二倍體細(xì)胞,因?yàn)樗鼈兒?3對染色體,
with each pair containing one maternal and one paternal chromosome
每對染色體包含一條來自母親和一條來自父親的染色體·
After DNA replication mitosis begins with prophase during which chromatin condenses into chromosomes
DNA復(fù)制后,有絲分裂從前期開始,在此期間染色質(zhì)凝縮成染色體,
each consisting of two identical sister chromatids
每條染色體由兩條相同的姐妹染色單體組成·
The nuclear envelope dissolves and spindle fibers begin to grow from the cell's centrioles
核膜溶解,紡錘絲從細(xì)胞的中心體開始生長·
During metaphase the spindle fibers pull the chromosomes into alignment in the center of the cell
在中期,紡錘絲將染色體拉至細(xì)胞中央排列·
In anaphase each chromosome consisting of two genetically identical chromatids splits in two
在后期,每條由兩條基因相同的染色單體組成的染色體分裂成兩條·
Each chromatid now considered a single stranded daughter chromosome migrates to the opposite end of the cell from its twin
每條染色單體(現(xiàn)在被視為單鏈的子染色體)遷移到細(xì)胞中與它的雙胞胎相反的一端·
During telophase nuclear envelopes reform around the chromosomes as the cell finishes dividing
在末期,隨著細(xì)胞完成分裂,核膜重新形成并包圍染色體·
Meiosis is a type of cell division with one purpose to produce eggs and sperm called gametes
減數(shù)分裂是一種細(xì)胞分裂方式,其唯一目的是產(chǎn)生稱為配子的卵子和精子·
In meiosis there are two divisions in succession resulting in four daughter cells
在減數(shù)分裂中,連續(xù)進(jìn)行兩次分裂,最終產(chǎn)生四個子細(xì)胞·
Each daughter cell contains half the number of chromosomes of the initial parental cell
每個子細(xì)胞含有初始親代細(xì)胞一半數(shù)量的染色體·
The daughter cells are called haploid cells because they contain 23 unpaired chromosomes
這些子細(xì)胞被稱為單倍體細(xì)胞,因?yàn)樗鼈兒?3條未配對的染色體·
After DNA replication the first cell division or meiosis I begins with prophase I during which chromosomes condense
DNA復(fù)制后,第一次細(xì)胞分裂(即減數(shù)分裂I)從前期I開始,在此期間染色體凝縮·
Late in prophase I chromatids in each pair break and exchange corresponding sections of DNA in a process called crossing over
在前期I的晚期,每對染色單體斷裂并交換相應(yīng)的DNA片段,這一過程稱為交叉互換,
thus creating new combinations of genes
從而產(chǎn)生新的基因組合·
During metaphase I homologous chromosome pairs line up in the center of the cell
在中期I,同源染色體對排列在細(xì)胞中央·
Each pair can line up randomly from left to right in a process called independent assortment
每對染色體可以隨機(jī)從左到右排列,這一過程稱為獨(dú)立分配·
In anaphase I each pair of chromosomes separates
在后期I,每對染色體分離,
and in telophase I the cell divides resulting in two haploid daughter cells
在末期I,細(xì)胞分裂,形成兩個單倍體子細(xì)胞·
The second meiotic division or meiosis II begins with prophase II during which the cell prepares to divide again
第二次減數(shù)分裂(即減數(shù)分裂II)從前期II開始,在此期間細(xì)胞準(zhǔn)備再次分裂·
In metaphase II the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell
在中期II,染色體排列在細(xì)胞中央·
During anaphase II each chromosome is pulled apart into two sister chromatids
在后期II,每條染色體被拉開成兩條姐妹染色單體,
each now considered a single stranded chromosome
每條染色單體現(xiàn)在被視為單鏈染色體·
In telophase II the two cells divide resulting in four haploid daughter cells
在末期II,兩個細(xì)胞分裂,最終形成四個單倍體子細(xì)胞·
Once meiosis is complete
減數(shù)分裂完成后,
the male and female gametes each contain a unique set of 23 single stranded chromosomes
雄性和雌性配子各自含有一套獨(dú)特的23條單鏈染色體,
ultimately resulting in the genetic variability of humans
最終導(dǎo)致人類的遺傳多樣性·
Once these gametes meet they become a single fertilized cell called a zygote
當(dāng)這些配子結(jié)合時,它們會形成一個單一的受精細(xì)胞,稱為受精卵·
The zygote has 46 chromosomes and continues to develop using mitosis
受精卵含有46條染色體,并通過有絲分裂繼續(xù)發(fā)育·