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藥物代謝是藥物的化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化
轉(zhuǎn)化為可被人體排出體外的水溶性化合物
藥物代謝主要在肝臟進(jìn)行,
而排泄主要發(fā)生在腎臟
給藥后,藥物必須穿過(guò)緊密堆積的細(xì)胞,
穿過(guò)細(xì)胞膜到達(dá)其作用位點(diǎn)
通常藥物是親脂性或脂溶性化合物,
細(xì)胞膜由磷脂組成,
所以藥物能夠穿過(guò)它們
然而,為了通過(guò)腎臟排泄,
有必要將藥物轉(zhuǎn)化為水溶性或親水性化合物
藥物通常通過(guò)口服或腸胃外給藥
腸外藥物繞過(guò)消化道
家長(zhǎng)路線(xiàn)包括
注射,
透皮貼劑,
乳液,
吸入劑,
和栓劑
如果注射,藥物會(huì)迅速進(jìn)入全身循環(huán)并立即起效
如果口服,藥物必須通過(guò)胃腸道細(xì)胞
藥物穿過(guò)胃腸道細(xì)胞并通過(guò)肝門(mén)靜脈到達(dá)肝臟
在藥物進(jìn)入全身循環(huán)之前,肝臟有機(jī)會(huì)代謝一些藥物,
這稱(chēng)為首輪效應(yīng)
在肝臟中,藥物進(jìn)入肝細(xì)胞
光滑內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)中的一系列酶將它們代謝
藥物通過(guò)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)磷脂膜移動(dòng)
肝微粒體酶(例如
p450)將藥物從親脂性化合物轉(zhuǎn)化為親水性化合物
重復(fù)使用某些藥物會(huì)增加代謝酶的數(shù)量并增加藥物代謝
這稱(chēng)為酶誘導(dǎo)
相反,某些藥物競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與代謝酶結(jié)合,從而降低藥物代謝
這稱(chēng)為酶抑制
一旦代謝,這些親水性代謝物就會(huì)讓細(xì)胞準(zhǔn)備好被腎臟排泄
藥物作用的持續(xù)時(shí)間和強(qiáng)度很大程度上取決于代謝率
代謝率的增加將通過(guò)促進(jìn)排泄來(lái)減少藥物的持續(xù)時(shí)間和強(qiáng)度
代謝率降低會(huì)增加藥物持續(xù)時(shí)間和強(qiáng)度
影響代謝率的一些因素是首過(guò)效應(yīng),
肝臟疾病,例如肝硬化,
新生兒、老年人肝功能下降,
肝臟血流受損會(huì)降低代謝率,
肝酶的數(shù)量和類(lèi)型的變化,
不良的飲食和營(yíng)養(yǎng)會(huì)影響正常的肝功能,
由于劑量或患者體重而導(dǎo)致循環(huán)藥物水平較高,需要更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間才能代謝

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Drug metabolism is the chemical conversion of drugs
藥物代謝是藥物的化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化
into water soluble compounds that can be excreted by the body
轉(zhuǎn)化為可被人體排出體外的水溶性化合物
Drug metabolism mainly takes place in the liver
藥物代謝主要在肝臟進(jìn)行,
while excretion mainly takes place in the kidneys
而排泄主要發(fā)生在腎臟
Following drug administration drugs must pass through tightly packed cells
給藥后,藥物必須穿過(guò)緊密堆積的細(xì)胞,
crossing cell membranes to reach their sites of action
穿過(guò)細(xì)胞膜到達(dá)其作用位點(diǎn)
Usually drugs are lipophilic or fat soluble compounds
通常藥物是親脂性或脂溶性化合物,
and cell membranes are composed of phospholipids
細(xì)胞膜由磷脂組成,
so drugs are able to cross them
所以藥物能夠穿過(guò)它們
However for excretion by the kidneys
然而,為了通過(guò)腎臟排泄,
it's necessary to convert drugs to water soluble or hydrophilic compounds
有必要將藥物轉(zhuǎn)化為水溶性或親水性化合物
Drugs are usually administered orally or parenterally
藥物通常通過(guò)口服或腸胃外給藥
Parenteral drugs bypass the digestive tract
腸外藥物繞過(guò)消化道
Parental routes include
家長(zhǎng)路線(xiàn)包括
injection
注射,
transdermal patches
透皮貼劑,
lotions
乳液,
inhalants
吸入劑,
and suppositories
和栓劑
If injected the drugs reach general circulation quickly and have an immediate effect
如果注射,藥物會(huì)迅速進(jìn)入全身循環(huán)并立即起效
If taken orally drugs must pass through the cells of the gastrointestinal tract
如果口服,藥物必須通過(guò)胃腸道細(xì)胞
Drugs cross through cells of the GI tract and travel to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
藥物穿過(guò)胃腸道細(xì)胞并通過(guò)肝門(mén)靜脈到達(dá)肝臟
The liver has a chance to metabolize some of the drug before it goes into general circulation
在藥物進(jìn)入全身循環(huán)之前,肝臟有機(jī)會(huì)代謝一些藥物,
this is called the first pass effect
這稱(chēng)為首輪效應(yīng)
In the liver drugs enter hepatic cells
在肝臟中,藥物進(jìn)入肝細(xì)胞
where a series of enzymes in smooth endoplasmic reticulum metabolize them
光滑內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)中的一系列酶將它們代謝
Drugs move through the phospholipid membrane of endoplasmic reticulum
藥物通過(guò)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)磷脂膜移動(dòng)
Hepatic microsomal enzymes such as p450 convert drugs from lipophilic to hydrophilic compounds
肝微粒體酶(例如
Repeated use of certain drugs increases the amount of metabolic enzymes and increases drug metabolism
重復(fù)使用某些藥物會(huì)增加代謝酶的數(shù)量并增加藥物代謝
This is called enzyme induction
這稱(chēng)為酶誘導(dǎo)
Conversely certain drugs compete to bind to metabolic enzymes thereby decreasing drug metabolism
相反,某些藥物競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與代謝酶結(jié)合,從而降低藥物代謝
This is called enzyme inhibition
這稱(chēng)為酶抑制
Once metabolized these hydrophilic metabolites leave the cell ready for excretion by the kidney
一旦代謝,這些親水性代謝物就會(huì)讓細(xì)胞準(zhǔn)備好被腎臟排泄
A drug's duration and intensity of effect are largely determined by metabolic rate
藥物作用的持續(xù)時(shí)間和強(qiáng)度很大程度上取決于代謝率
Increased metabolic rate will decrease drug duration and intensity by facilitating excretion
代謝率的增加將通過(guò)促進(jìn)排泄來(lái)減少藥物的持續(xù)時(shí)間和強(qiáng)度
Decreased metabolic rate increases drug duration and intensity
代謝率降低會(huì)增加藥物持續(xù)時(shí)間和強(qiáng)度
A few of the factors affecting metabolic rate are the first pass effect
影響代謝率的一些因素是首過(guò)效應(yīng),
liver disease such as cirrhosis
肝臟疾病,例如肝硬化,
neonates in the elderly have decreased liver function
新生兒、老年人肝功能下降,
compromised blood flow to the liver will lower metabolic rate
肝臟血流受損會(huì)降低代謝率,
variation in amount and type of hepatic enzymes
肝酶的數(shù)量和類(lèi)型的變化,
poor diet and nutrition can affect normal liver function
不良的飲食和營(yíng)養(yǎng)會(huì)影響正常的肝功能,
and higher circulating drug levels due to dosage or patient's weight take longer to metabolize
由于劑量或患者體重而導(dǎo)致循環(huán)藥物水平較高,需要更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間才能代謝