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什么是哮喘

支氣管哮喘，簡稱哮喘，是一種常見的慢性炎癥性氣道疾病，主要特征為氣道出現反復發作的喘息、氣急、胸悶或咳嗽等癥狀，常在夜間及凌晨發作或加重。哮喘的發病與遺傳及環境等因素有關，其中遺傳因素主要決定患者的易發體質，而環境因素如各種變應原、空氣質量、吸煙、運動等則是具體觸發因素。常見的支氣管哮喘類型有運動性、藥物性、職業性及過敏性等。

哮喘的癥狀以喘息、氣急、胸悶或咳嗽為主，嚴重時可出現呼吸困難和低氧血癥。對于已經確診哮喘的患者，當癥狀加重或者妨礙日常生活時，建議及時就醫。其中值得注意的是，哮喘并非傳染病，因此無需擔心通過空氣或接觸傳播。
對于哮喘的治療，目前無法完全根治，但可通過藥物控制病情，提高生活品質。常用的藥物主要有控制藥物和緩解藥物，前者用于長期控制病情，如吸入糖皮質激素等；后者用于緩解急性發作，如短效β2受體激動劑等。此外，一部分重度或難治性哮喘患者，可以嘗試支氣管熱成形術等非藥物治療。

由于無法根治，哮喘的預防顯得尤為重要。常規的預防措施包括避免誘發哮喘的環境和物質，積極治療上呼吸道感染，注意保持良好的生活和飲食習慣等。盡管無法根治，但經過定期規范化的治療和管理，大部分哮喘患者可以獲得良好的生活質量。

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Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease that obstructs airflow in and out of the bronchial tubes
哮喘是一種慢性炎癥性疾病,它會阻礙空氣進出支氣管·
Normally as the diaphragm contracts and relaxes air moves freely in and out of the trachea and bronchi
正常情況下,隨著橫膈膜的收縮和舒張,空氣自由地進出氣管和支氣管,
to the bronchioles and then to the alveoli where gas exchange takes place
然后進入細支氣管,最后到達肺泡,在那里進行氣體交換·
During this process carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the bloodstream into the alveolus
在這個過程中,二氧化碳會從血液中擴散到肺泡中,
while oxygen will diffuse from the alveolus into the bloodstream
而氧氣則會從肺泡擴散到血液中·
Smooth muscle in the bronchial walls is controlled by the autonomic nervous system
支氣管壁中的平滑肌由自主神經系統控制·
Sympathetic stimulation relaxes smooth muscle and produces bronchodilation when the air is warm moist and free of irritants
當空氣溫暖、濕潤且無刺激物時,交感神經的刺激會使平滑肌松弛并導致支氣管擴張·
Parasympathetic stimulation contracts smooth muscle and produces bronchoconstriction when the air is cold dry or contains irritants
當空氣寒冷、干燥或含有刺激物時,副交感神經的刺激會使平滑肌收縮并導致支氣管收縮·
People with asthma have chronically inflamed and swollen airways that are hyperreactive to irritants that can trigger an asthma attack
哮喘患者的氣道長期發炎和腫脹,對能夠引發哮喘發作的刺激物具有高反應性·
Asthma triggers include outdoor irritants and allergens such as pollen smoke pollution and cold weather
哮喘的誘發因素包括戶外的刺激物和過敏原,如花粉、煙霧、污染和寒冷天氣;
indoor irritants and allergens such as mold pet dander dust mites and cockroach droppings
室內的刺激物和過敏原,如霉菌、寵物皮屑、塵螨和蟑螂糞便;
food allergens such as fish shellfish eggs peanuts and soy
食物過敏原,如魚、貝類、雞蛋、花生和大豆;
physiological conditions such as respiratory infections stress and strong emotions and exercise
生理狀況,如呼吸道感染、壓力和強烈情緒以及運動·
During an asthma attack these triggers can induce mast cells and leukocytes to release chemical substances such as histamine kinins prostaglandins and leukotrienes
在哮喘發作期間,這些誘發因素會促使肥大細胞和白細胞釋放化學物質,如組胺、激肽、前列腺素和白三烯·
These substances are chemical mediators of inflammation that can precipitate a bronchospasm
這些物質是炎癥的化學介質,能夠引發支氣管痙攣·
Suddenly the bronchial smooth muscle tightens and the bronchial wall becomes more swollen
突然,支氣管平滑肌收緊,支氣管壁變得更加腫脹·
Goblet cells in the mucosa produce thicker mucus further obstructing the airway
黏膜中的杯狀細胞會產生更濃稠的黏液,進一步阻塞氣道·
This combination of factors slows normal gas exchange
這些因素共同作用,減緩了正常的氣體交換·
The symptoms of a bronchospasm include coughing wheezing shortness of breath and chest tightness
支氣管痙攣的癥狀包括咳嗽、喘息、氣短和胸悶·
Medicines that treat asthma affect the inflammation of the airway wall the constriction of the bronchial muscles or mucus secretion
治療哮喘的藥物會影響氣道壁的炎癥、支氣管肌肉的收縮或黏液的分泌·
The most important asthma medications are long acting anti inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids leukotriene inhibitors and cromolyn sodium
最重要的哮喘藥物是長效抗炎藥,如皮質類固醇、白三烯抑制劑和色甘酸鈉·
These drugs keep asthma under control by preventing or reducing inflammation of the bronchial wall
這些藥物通過預防或減輕支氣管壁的炎癥來控制哮喘·
This makes the airways less sensitive to bronchospasm triggers
這使得氣道對支氣管痙攣的誘發因素不那么敏感·
Regular use of maintenance medications makes it less likely that an asthma flare up will take place
定期使用維持藥物可降低哮喘發作的可能性·
Bronchodilators are either quick relief rescue medications such as short acting beta agonists or long acting maintenance medications such as theophylline and anticholinergics
支氣管擴張劑要么是快速緩解的急救藥物,如短效 β 受體激動劑,要么是長效維持藥物,如茶堿和抗膽堿能藥物·
These drugs cause the bronchial smooth muscle to relax quickly or gradually over a longer period of time
這些藥物會使支氣管平滑肌迅速或在較長時間內逐漸松弛·
Regular use of long acting maintenance medication is critical in keeping your airways open and less inflamed
定期使用長效維持藥物對于保持氣道通暢和減輕炎癥至關重要·
This reduces the likelihood of asthma flare ups
這降低了哮喘發作的可能性·
When flare ups do happen it is important for patients to work with their licensed healthcare professional to develop an action plan for the correct use of short acting rescue medication
當哮喘確實發作時,患者與有資質的醫療保健專業人員合作制定正確使用短效急救藥物的行動計劃是很重要的·
Rescue medication opens airways quickly providing symptom relief within minutes
急救藥物能迅速打開氣道,在幾分鐘內緩解癥狀·