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碳水化合物
視頻：
碳水化合物
碳水化合物作用
視頻：
碳水化合物如何影響體重
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In
this
video
we'll
discuss
carbohydrates
在這個視頻中,我們將討論碳水化合物·
A
carbohydrate
is
an
organic
macromolecule
which
means
it's
a
large
molecule
containing
the
element
carbon
碳水化合物是一種有機大分子,這意味著它是一種包含碳元素的大分子·
The
hydrate
part
of
carbohydrates
means
it
also
contains
the
components
of
water
hydrogen
and
oxygen
碳水化合物中 "水合物" 這部分意味著它還包含水的組成成分,即氫和氧·
Carbohydrates
always
contain
these
elements
in
a
proportion
of
one
carbon
atom
to
two
hydrogen
atoms
to
one
oxygen
atom
碳水化合物總是按照一個碳原子、兩個氫原子、一個氧原子這樣的比例包含這些元素·
Think
of
it
this
way
可以這樣來理解·
All
carbohydrate
molecules
will
always
have
an
equal
number
of
carbon
and
oxygen
atoms
and
will
also
always
have
twice
as
many
hydrogen
atoms
所有碳水化合物分子中碳原子和氧原子的數量總是相等的,而且氫原子的數量總是它們的兩倍·
So
why
are
carbohydrates
important
那么碳水化合物為什么重要呢?
Carbohydrates
are
the
main
fuel
source
from
which
all
living
things
get
their
energy
but
carbohydrates
don't
always
have
the
same
overall
structure
碳水化合物是所有生物獲取能量的主要燃料來源,但碳水化合物并不總是具有相同的整體結構·
They
are
classified
as
either
simple
or
complex
based
on
their
chemical
structure
根據它們的化學結構,它們被分為簡單碳水化合物和復雜碳水化合物·
All
simple
carbohydrates
are
sugars
referred
to
as
saccharides
所有簡單碳水化合物都是糖類,被稱作糖類化合物·
A
saccharide
can
be
made
of
one
sugar
molecule
called
a
monosaccharide
or
two
sugar
molecules
called
a
disaccharide
糖類化合物可以由一個糖分子組成,稱作單糖,也可以由兩個糖分子組成,稱作雙糖·
An
example
of
a
monosaccharide
is
the
sugar
glucose
單糖的一個例子就是葡萄糖這種糖類·
It's
a
monosaccharide
because
it's
made
of
a
single
sugar
molecule
它是單糖,因為它由一個糖分子構成·
Simple
sugars
like
glucose
are
the
quickest
form
of
energy
because
your
cells
can
break
them
down
easily
像葡萄糖這樣的單糖是最快的能量形式,因為你的細胞能夠輕易地將它們分解·
Words
ending
in
O
S
E
or
OSE
are
typically
sugars
such
as
the
monosaccharides
fructose
galactose
and
dextrose
以 "O-S-E" 或 "OSE" 結尾的詞通常是糖類,比如單糖中的果糖、半乳糖和右旋糖·
Like
glucose
these
monosaccharides
are
all
simple
sugars
because
they
are
made
up
of
a
single
sugar
molecule
和葡萄糖一樣,這些單糖都是簡單糖類,因為它們都由一個糖分子組成·
When
glucose
and
fructose
are
chemically
bonded
together
we
get
a
disaccharide
called
sucrose
commonly
known
as
table
sugar
當葡萄糖和果糖通過化學鍵結合在一起時,我們就得到了一種雙糖,叫做蔗糖,通常被稱為食糖·
Sucrose
is
a
disaccharide
because
it's
made
up
of
two
monosaccharides
蔗糖是雙糖,因為它由兩個單糖組成·
Like
monosaccharides
disaccharides
such
as
sucrose
also
end
in
O
S
E
because
they're
sugar
molecules
和單糖一樣,像蔗糖這樣的雙糖也以 "O-S-E" 結尾,因為它們都是糖類分子·
Now
let's
talk
about
complex
carbohydrates
also
known
as
polysaccharides
現在讓我們來談談復雜碳水化合物,也被稱作多糖·
Polysaccharides
are
very
long
chains
of
multiple
monosaccharides
chemically
bonded
together
多糖是由多個單糖通過化學鍵連接而成的很長的鏈狀結構·
An
entire
polysaccharide
is
referred
to
as
a
polymer
while
each
individual
monosaccharide
in
this
long
chain
is
referred
to
as
a
monomer
整個多糖被稱作聚合物,而這條長鏈中的每個單糖則被稱作單體·
Examples
of
polysaccharides
include
cellulose
starches
and
glycogen
多糖的例子包括纖維素、淀粉和糖原·
Cellulose
is
found
in
all
plants
纖維素存在于所有植物中·
It's
a
structural
carbohydrate
that
is
found
in
the
cell
wall
of
every
plant
cell
它是一種結構性碳水化合物,存在于每個植物細胞的細胞壁中·
Starches
are
found
in
many
of
the
foods
we
eat
such
as
potatoes
and
corn
淀粉存在于我們吃的許多食物中,比如土豆和玉米·
Starches
are
also
found
in
grains
such
as
wheat
and
rice
淀粉也存在于像小麥和大米這樣的谷物中·
The
body's
digestive
system
breaks
down
starches
into
glucose
molecules
to
fuel
the
activities
of
all
of
our
cells
人體的消化系統會將淀粉分解為葡萄糖分子,為我們所有細胞的活動提供能量·
Extra
glucose
molecules
that
the
body
doesn't
immediately
need
for
energy
are
stored
as
polysaccharides
called
glycogen
either
in
the
liver
or
in
skeletal
muscles
人體暫時不需要用于供能的多余葡萄糖分子會以一種叫做糖原的多糖形式儲存在肝臟或骨骼肌中·
To
sum
up
carbohydrates
are
organic
macromolecules
containing
carbon
hydrogen
and
oxygen
in
a
one
to
two
to
one
proportion
總而言之,碳水化合物是按照碳、氫、氧一比二比一的比例組成的有機大分子·
Carbohydrates
are
the
main
source
of
energy
in
living
organisms
碳水化合物是生物體中的主要能量來源·
Carbohydrate
monomers
are
simple
sugars
called
monosaccharides
碳水化合物的單體是被稱作單糖的簡單糖類·
Disaccharides
are
two
monosaccharides
bonded
together
雙糖是由兩個單糖結合在一起形成的·
Monosaccharide
and
disaccharide
names
typically
end
in
OSE
such
as
glucose
fructose
and
sucrose
單糖和雙糖的名稱通常以 "OSE" 結尾,比如葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖·
Carbohydrate
polymers
are
called
polysaccharides
碳水化合物的聚合物被稱作多糖·
Polysaccharides
include
cellulose
starches
and
glycogen
多糖包括纖維素、淀粉和糖原·