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2型糖尿病（T2DM）是一種胰島素使用不足或效率降低導致的慢性疾病，常見于成年人，也叫成人發病型糖尿病。這種疾病是由遺傳，環境因素如生活方式，營養過剩，體力活動不足等因素共同導致。往往初期癥狀輕微，許多人直到出現并發癥或在常規體檢中才被發現。
2型糖尿病的典型癥狀被稱為“三多一少”，指多飲，多食，多尿和體重下降；但在發病早期可能無癥狀或癥狀輕微。隨病情發展，高血糖癥狀將更明顯，故應注意監測。伴隨癥狀包括乏力，易疲勞，乏力，易疲勞，易感冒，精神萎靡，記憶力下降等。此疾病對于高危人群（包括有糖尿病家族史，肥胖，以及年齡超過45歲者）應定期進行血糖監測。2型糖尿病非傳染病。
2型糖尿病治療方法多樣，以生活方式調整為基礎，如控制體重并改善飲食習慣。無法通過生活方式調整控制血糖時，將會開始使用藥物治療，包括磺酰脲類，格列奈類，雙胍類，噻唑烷二酮類，α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制劑，二肽基肽酶-4抑制劑和鈉-葡萄糖協同轉運子-2抑制劑等。在高危人群中，及時面診并參加定期檢查以便早期發現和治療。
最新的治療進展中，針對肥胖且血糖持續控制不佳的成人2型糖尿病患者，專業醫療人員可能會考慮進行代謝手術治療，也被稱為“減重手術”。同時，科學家們也一直在尋找糖尿病的根本發病因素，以期發現更有效的預防和治療方法。

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One of the endocrine functions of the pancreas is to secrete a hormone called insulin into the blood
胰腺的內分泌功能之一是向血液中分泌一種叫做胰島素的激素·
Microscopic regions of beta cells in the pancreas are located in the islets of Langerhans
胰腺中的β細胞微區位于朗格漢斯胰島·
These beta cells release insulin hormone
這些β細胞釋放胰島素激素·
The insulin molecules leave the beta cells and travel into the bloodstream to regulate blood glucose levels
胰島素分子離開β細胞進入血液,調節血糖水平·
After a meal
餐后,
increasing amounts of glucose in the blood
血液中葡萄糖含量的增加會
trigger beta cells in the islets to secrete the appropriate amount of insulin hormone
觸發胰島中的β細胞分泌適量的胰島素激素,
which travels through the bloodstream to target cells
胰島素激素會通過血液到達目標細胞,
where it promotes the transport of glucose into the cells
促進葡萄糖向細胞內的運輸·
Certain tissues such as skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
某些組織,例如骨骼肌和脂肪組織,
require insulin to unlock their cells before glucose can enter
需要胰島素在葡萄糖進入之前解鎖其細胞·
Insulin attaches to specific receptors on the cell's surface
胰島素附著在細胞表面的特定受體上,
causing glucose transporter proteins in the cell membrane to open
導致細胞膜上的葡萄糖轉運蛋白打開,
which allows glucose to pass into the cells
從而使葡萄糖進入細胞·
In type 2 diabetes
在 2 型糖尿病中,
the body usually continues to produce self made or endogenous insulin
身體通常會繼續產生自制或內源性胰島素·
However in this case the target cells resist the effects of the insulin
然而,在這種情況下,靶細胞會抵抗胰島素的作用,
or there is an insufficient amount of insulin to meet the body's needs or both
或者胰島素量不足以滿足身體的需要,或者兩者兼而有之·
Insulin resistance is caused by a decrease in receptors
胰島素抵抗是由受體減少
or by the presence of abnormal receptors
或異常受體的存在引起的·
In many cases
在許多情況下,
a defect in insulin receptors prevents the normal effects of insulin on target cells
胰島素受體的缺陷會阻止胰島素對靶細胞的正常作用,
resulting in inadequate glucose transport into cells
導致葡萄糖轉運到細胞中的不足·
Consequently rising levels of glucose in the blood result in hyperglycemia
因此,血液中葡萄糖水平升高導致高血糖·
Hyperglycemia stimulates the beta cells in the pancreas
高血糖會刺激胰腺中的β細胞產生更多的胰島素,
to produce more insulin in an attempt to reduce the high blood glucose level
以試圖降低高血糖水平·
The overworked beta cells try to keep up with the demand
過度勞累的β細胞試圖滿足需求,
but gradually lose their ability to produce enough insulin
但逐漸失去產生足夠胰島素的能力·
Due to the pathophysiology of hyperglycemia and the lack of insulin
由于高血糖的病理生理學和胰島素缺乏,
the following classic symptoms of diabetes appear
出現以下糖尿病的典型癥狀
polyphagia or excessive eating
多食或過度進食;
polydipsia or excessive thirst
多飲或過度口渴;
polyuria or increased urine volume
多尿,或尿量增加;
and unexplained weight loss
和無法解釋的體重減輕·
Symptoms of type 2 diabetes that appear over time include fatigue
隨著時間的推移,2型糖尿病的癥狀包括疲勞、
recurrent infections
反復感染、
changes in vision
視力變化、
pruritus or itching
瘙癢
and paresthesia which is a tingling or prickling sensation in the skin
或感覺異常(皮膚有刺痛或刺痛的感覺)·
As the insulin deficiency continues
隨著胰島素缺乏的持續,
cells are unable to use sugar for energy
細胞無法利用糖作為能量,
so the body breaks down fats and proteins to use them as an alternative source of energy
因此身體會分解脂肪和蛋白質,將它們用作替代能量來源·
As fat breakdown continues
隨著脂肪繼續分解,
acidic byproducts known as ketone bodies
酸性副產品(稱為酮體)
accumulate in the blood
會在血液中積聚,
resulting in a condition called ketosis
導致酮癥·
If allowed to build up to dangerously high levels
如果積累到危險的高水平,
a life threatening condition called diabetic ketoacidosis results
就會導致一種危及生命的疾病,稱為糖尿病酮癥酸中毒·
An acute complication of medications for type 2 diabetes
2型糖尿病藥物的急性并發癥
called hypoglycemia or insulin shock
稱為低血糖或胰島素休克,
usually begins with an excessive dose of insulin or oral hypoglycemic medication
通常始于過量的胰島素或口服降血糖藥物·
Excessive insulin or oral hypoglycemic medication
過量的胰島素或口服降血糖藥物會導致細胞從血液中去除過多的葡萄糖,
causes cells to remove too much glucose from the blood
從而導致血液中的葡萄糖含量不足,
leaving an insufficient amount in the bloodstream
無法滿足某些器官獲得正常運作所需的持續能量供應的需求·
for certain organs to acquire the constant energy supply they need to function properly
某些器官要獲得持續的能量供應,它們需要正常運作·
Because the brain's primary source of energy is glucose
由于大腦的主要能量來源是葡萄糖,
it is the first organ affected by glucose levels below 70 milligrams per deciliter
因此它是第一個受到葡萄糖水平低于70 毫克/分升影響的器官·
The neurons
神經元
starved for glucose
在缺乏葡萄糖的情況下
start to malfunction
開始失靈,
causing symptoms such as nervousness shakiness and confusion
導致緊張、顫抖和混亂等癥狀·
If the glucose levels continue to drop
如果葡萄糖水平繼續下降,
the electrical activity of neurons diminishes significantly
神經元的電活動顯著減弱,
resulting in seizures or diabetic coma
導致癲癇發作或糖尿病昏迷·
Chronic poorly controlled type 2 diabetes can cause degenerative tissue damage
長期控制不佳的 2 型糖尿病會造成組織退行性損傷,
resulting in long term complications
導致
such as atherosclerosis
動脈粥樣硬化、
blindness
失明、
neuropathy
神經病變
and renal failure
和腎功能衰竭等長期并發癥·
Licensed health professionals prescribe a variety of oral hypoglycemic drugs to treat type 2 diabetes
持有執照的醫療專業人員會開出多種口服降血糖藥物來治療2 型糖尿病·
Some treatments increase insulin production in the beta cells of the pancreas
一些治療會增加胰腺β細胞中胰島素的產生·
Others decrease insulin resistance in skeletal muscle
其他藥物則降低骨骼肌的胰島素抵抗·
Some treatments increase insulin sensitivity in target tissues
一些治療會增加靶組織的胰島素敏感性·
Others promote a slight decrease in absorption of glucose in the gut
其他藥物則促進腸道中葡萄糖吸收的輕微減少·
And finally some inhibit glucose production in the liver
最后,有些會抑制肝臟中葡萄糖的產生·
Patients with type 2 diabetes can control their glucose levels primarily with diet and exercise
2 型糖尿病患者主要通過飲食和運動來控制血糖水平·
In addition patients should monitor their glucose levels frequently
此外,患者應經常監測血糖水平·
Blood glucose levels should fall between 70 and 130 milligrams per deciliter prior to a meal or while fasting
餐前或空腹時血糖水平應在每分升 70 至 130 毫克之間,
and should be less than 180 milligrams per deciliter two hours after starting a meal
餐后兩小時血糖水平應低于每分升 180 毫克·
When diet exercise and oral hypoglycemic drugs fail to control high blood sugar
當飲食、運動和口服降糖藥物無法控制高血糖時,
patients can administer insulin injections
患者可以注射胰島素·
Medication should be continued with the use of non drug therapy options
應在使用非藥物治療方案的同時繼續用藥·