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胰腺的內分泌功能之一是向血液中分泌一種叫做胰島素的激素
胰腺中β細胞的微觀區域位于朗格漢斯胰島上
這些β細胞釋放胰島素
進餐后，血液中葡萄糖含量的增加會觸發胰島上的β細胞分泌適量的胰島素激素，胰島素激素通過血液到達目標細胞，促進葡萄糖向細胞內輸送
葡萄糖必須進入細胞內才能參與細胞呼吸，從而產生細胞過程所需的能量
某些組織，如骨骼肌和脂肪組織，在葡萄糖進入之前需要胰島素來打開其細胞
胰島素附著在細胞表面的特定受體上，使細胞膜上的葡萄糖轉運蛋白打開，讓葡萄糖進入細胞。
隨著細胞吸收葡萄糖，血糖水平下降
1 型糖尿病是一種胰腺失去分泌胰島素能力的疾病，會導致高血糖和其他代謝并發癥。
在這種疾病中，淋巴細胞分泌的抗體會攻擊并破壞β細胞，因此胰腺幾乎不產生胰島素。
由于缺乏足夠的胰島素，葡萄糖無法進入細胞，導致血糖濃度過高，這種情況被稱為高血糖癥。
由于無法進入細胞，葡萄糖在血液中積聚
腎臟會過濾掉多余的葡萄糖，這些葡萄糖會隨尿液流失，從而導致糖尿，即尿液中含有大量葡萄糖。
1 型糖尿病患者高血糖的常見癥狀包括多食，即進食過多；多飲，即口渴過多；多尿，即尿量增加；以及不明原因的體重減輕。
由于胰島素持續缺乏，細胞無法利用糖分獲取能量，因此身體會分解脂肪和蛋白質，將其作為能量的替代來源。
隨著脂肪分解的繼續，酸性副產物（即酮體）會在血液中積聚，從而導致酮癥。
如果任由其積累到危險的高水平，就會導致一種名為糖尿病酮癥酸中毒的危及生命的病癥
1 型糖尿病會造成組織退行性損傷，導致長期并發癥，如動脈粥樣硬化、失明、神經病變和腎功能障礙等。
有執照的醫療專業人員會開出胰島素替代療法來治療 1 型糖尿病
如果糖尿病患者使用注射器注射胰島素，他或她必須在不同的注射部位輪流注射，以防止局部組織損傷和吸收問題
通過注射器或胰島素泵輸送胰島素后，胰島素可迅速降低高血糖，促進葡萄糖向細胞內輸送
胰島素還能抑制酮病，恢復代謝平衡
除胰島素治療外，患者還必須密切控制血糖水平，經常檢測血糖，血糖值應在每分升 70 至 120 毫克之間。
患者還應該通過定期血紅蛋白 A1C 檢測來監控血糖水平，該檢測可測量兩到三個月內血液中糖化血紅蛋白的含量。
當葡萄糖附著在紅細胞內的血紅蛋白上時，就會產生糖化血紅蛋白。
糖化血紅蛋白的形成速度隨血漿葡萄糖水平的升高而加快
糖尿病患者理想的血紅蛋白 A1C 水平應低于 7
血紅蛋白 A1C 水平越高，患糖尿病并發癥的風險就越高
患者還可以通過控制飲食和堅持鍛煉來更密切地監測血糖水平。
通過治療和控制血糖水平，患者可預防糖尿病并發癥的發生

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One of the endocrine functions of the pancreas is to secrete a hormone called insulin into the blood
胰腺的內分泌功能之一是向血液中分泌一種叫做胰島素的激素
Microscopic regions of beta cells in the pancreas are located on the islets of Langerhans
胰腺中β細胞的微觀區域位于朗格漢斯胰島上
These beta cells release insulin
這些β細胞釋放胰島素
After consumption of a meal increasing amounts of glucose in the blood trigger beta cells in the islets to secrete the appropriate amount of insulin hormone which travels through the bloodstream to target cells where it promotes the transport of glucose into the cells
進餐后,血液中葡萄糖含量的增加會觸發胰島上的β細胞分泌適量的胰島素激素,胰島素激素通過血液到達目標細胞,促進葡萄糖向細胞內輸送
Glucose must get inside cells to participate in cellular respiration which creates the energy needed for cellular processes
葡萄糖必須進入細胞內才能參與細胞呼吸,從而產生細胞過程所需的能量
Certain tissues such as skeletal muscle and adipose tissue require insulin to unlock their cells before glucose can enter
某些組織,如骨骼肌和脂肪組織,在葡萄糖進入之前需要胰島素來打開其細胞
Insulin attaches to specific receptors on the cell's surface causing glucose transporter proteins in the cell membrane to open allowing glucose to pass into the cell
胰島素附著在細胞表面的特定受體上,使細胞膜上的葡萄糖轉運蛋白打開,讓葡萄糖進入細胞·
As cells take up glucose the blood glucose level falls
隨著細胞吸收葡萄糖,血糖水平下降
Type 1 diabetes is a disease in which the pancreas loses its ability to produce insulin resulting in high blood glucose levels and other metabolic complications
1 型糖尿病是一種胰腺失去分泌胰島素能力的疾病,會導致高血糖和其他代謝并發癥·
In this disease antibodies secreted by lymphocytes attack and destroy the beta cells so the pancreas produces little or no insulin
在這種疾病中,淋巴細胞分泌的抗體會攻擊并破壞β細胞,因此胰腺幾乎不產生胰島素·
Lack of sufficient insulin prevents glucose from entering cells resulting in a high blood glucose concentration a condition called hyperglycemia
由于缺乏足夠的胰島素,葡萄糖無法進入細胞,導致血糖濃度過高,這種情況被稱為高血糖癥·
Unable to pass into cells glucose builds up in the blood
由于無法進入細胞,葡萄糖在血液中積聚
The kidneys filter out the excess glucose which is lost in urine resulting in glycosuria or large quantities of glucose in the urine
腎臟會過濾掉多余的葡萄糖,這些葡萄糖會隨尿液流失,從而導致糖尿,即尿液中含有大量葡萄糖·
Common symptoms of hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes include polyphagia or excessive eating polydipsia or excessive thirst polyuria or increased urine volume and unexplained weight loss
1 型糖尿病患者高血糖的常見癥狀包括多食,即進食過多;多飲,即口渴過多;多尿,即尿量增加;以及不明原因的體重減輕·
As the insulin deficiency continues cells are unable to use sugar for energy so the body breaks down fats and proteins to use them as an alternative source of energy
由于胰島素持續缺乏,細胞無法利用糖分獲取能量,因此身體會分解脂肪和蛋白質,將其作為能量的替代來源·
As fat breakdown continues acidic byproducts known as ketone bodies accumulate in the blood resulting in a condition called ketosis
隨著脂肪分解的繼續,酸性副產物(即酮體)會在血液中積聚,從而導致酮癥·
If allowed to build up to dangerously high levels a life threatening condition called diabetic ketoacidosis results
如果任由其積累到危險的高水平,就會導致一種名為糖尿病酮癥酸中毒的危及生命的病癥
Type 1 diabetes can cause degenerative tissue damage resulting in long term complications such as atherosclerosis blindness neuropathy and renal dysfunction
1 型糖尿病會造成組織退行性損傷,導致長期并發癥,如動脈粥樣硬化、失明、神經病變和腎功能障礙等·
Licensed health professionals prescribe insulin replacement therapy to treat type 1 diabetes
有執照的醫療專業人員會開出胰島素替代療法來治療 1 型糖尿病
If a diabetic person uses a syringe to deliver doses of insulin he or she must rotate between injection sites to prevent localized tissue damage and absorption problems
通過注射器或胰島素泵輸送胰島素后,胰島素可迅速降低高血糖,促進葡萄糖向細胞內輸送
Once delivered via syringe or insulin pump the insulin rapidly reduces hyperglycemia facilitating transport of glucose into cells
通過注射器或胰島素泵輸送胰島素后,胰島素可迅速降低高血糖,促進葡萄糖向細胞內輸送
Insulin also suppresses ketosis restoring metabolic balance
胰島素還能抑制酮病,恢復代謝平衡
In addition to insulin therapy patients must manage their glucose levels closely with frequent glucose checks which should fall between 70 and 120 milligrams per deciliter
除胰島素治療外,患者還必須密切控制血糖水平,經常檢測血糖,血糖值應在每分升 70 至 120 毫克之間·
Patients should also monitor their blood glucose level with periodic hemoglobin A1C tests which measure the amount of glycated hemoglobin in the blood over a two to three month period
患者還應該通過定期血紅蛋白 A1C 檢測來監控血糖水平,該檢測可測量兩到三個月內血液中糖化血紅蛋白的含量·
Glycated hemoglobin is created when glucose attaches to hemoglobin within red blood cells
當葡萄糖附著在紅細胞內的血紅蛋白上時,就會產生糖化血紅蛋白·
Glycated hemoglobin forms at a rate that increases with plasma glucose levels
糖化血紅蛋白的形成速度隨血漿葡萄糖水平的升高而加快
The desired hemoglobin A1C level for people with diabetes is less than 7%
糖尿病患者理想的血紅蛋白 A1C 水平應低于 7%
The higher the hemoglobin A1C level the higher the risk of developing complications from diabetes
血紅蛋白 A1C 水平越高,患糖尿病并發癥的風險就越高
Other actions patients can take to monitor their glucose levels more closely are diet control and consistent exercise
患者還可以通過控制飲食和堅持鍛煉來更密切地監測血糖水平·
By treating and controlling blood glucose levels patients may prevent the occurrence of the complications of diabetes
通過治療和控制血糖水平,患者可預防糖尿病并發癥的發生